This paper analyzes a model of duopoly with fixed costs. Leadership by one "established" firm may yield an outcome in which the second is inactive, but entry prevention is not a prior constraint. We find that two aspects of product differentiation have distinct effects: an absolute advantage in...

This paper studies the determination of the optimum size and arrangement of a monocentric city,. The major consideration is the trade-off between economies of scale in production in the central business district and the diseconomies of congestion in commuter transport. Planned optimum...

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This paper applies conventional welfare-theoretic methods to study advertising which changes consumer tastes. In a wide range of empirically plausible circumstances, private profitability is seen to be necessary but not sufficient for the social desirability of a small amount of advertising. The...