The paper examines some aspects of the monetary controversies which took place in several countries during the nineteenth century. In Brazil, advocates of the gold standard and monetary restraint, known as "metalistas", prevailed over "papelistas", whose major desire was monetary expansion and...

The global expansion of capitalism under American hegemony in the second half of the 20th century has changed the international division of labor and center-periphery scheme proposed under British hegemony. Under the new international division of labor, the United States is forced to generate an...