Companies are under pressure to change their business models and become more sustainable. Corporate governance codes across Europe have introduced the term 'long-term value creation' to capture companies' social responsibility. However, the concept of long-term value creation lacks tools that...

An important policy discussion is ongoing in Denmark and Sweden on joining the Euro-pean Union's banking union. Joining would bring pros and cons. A major issue is the supervi-sion and resolution at the national level of large banks with a Scandinavian footprint. It is not evident that Denmark...

-The market for green bonds is growing rapidly and has been boosted by the European Commission's plan to raise through green bonds 30 percent of the up to €750 billion that will be borrowed under the Next Generation EU coronavirus economic recovery programme. But while green bonds can reduce...

[Highlights] For the full references and the annex, please see the PDF version of this publication. In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, the market share of US investment banks is increasing, while that of their European counterparts is declining. We present evidence that US...

[Highlights] For political reasons, European Union member states’ opinions on joining banking union range from outright refusal to active consideration. The main stance is to wait and see how the banking union develops. The wait-and-see positions are often motivated by the consideration that...

During the global financial crisis and subsequent euro-debt crisis, the fiscal resources of some countries appeared to be insufficient to support their banking systems. These countries needed outside support to stabilise their banking systems and thereby their wider economies. This Policy...

In the aftermath of the financial crisis, the question of how to handle a big bank's collapse has arisen. Large banks perform functions that if disrupted could seriously damage the financial sector and the real economy. The European Union's new resolution regime introduced by the Bank Recovery...

London is an international financial centre, serving European and global clients. A hard Brexit would lead to a partial migration of financial firms from London to the EU27 (EU minus UK) to ensure they can continue to serve their EU27 clients. Four major cities will host most of the new EU27...

The large global banks were at the heart of the global financial crisis. In response to the crisis, the international Financial Stability Forum was upgraded to the Financial Stability Board (FSB) in 2009, with the full participation of finance ministers and even heads of government. The newly...

In the aftermath of the Great Financial Crisis, regulators have rushed to strengthen banking supervision and implement bank resolution regimes. While such resolution regimes are welcome as a means to reintroduce market discipline and reduce the reliance on taxpayer-funded bailouts, the effects...