or output of a knowledge production function. We suggest that the productivity of research in patent production functions … to patentable knowledge, and development happens after the initial research phase that may have led to a patent. Instead … of using data on R&D, we separate the knowledge creating process into 'R' and 'D'. This data stems from R&D surveys of …

market (innovation). It turns out that spillovers from rivals lead to more imitation, while inputs from customers and … research institutions enhance original innovation. …

We estimate the determinants of various types of product innovation. Knowledge spillovers from rivals have a positive … exert no such independent influence on drastic innovation activities. The results support the hypothesis that establishments … face difficulties in using knowledge that comes from areas they are not familiar with. Establishments exploit spillovers …

Knowledge spillovers to competitors are regarded as an important aspect of the innovation process. While a company … leakage of knowledge in an industry will negatively affect profitability. This paper presents the results of an empirical …

, but Chinese patenting for exploitation on the main markets for innovation(the European Union, Japan and the US) is still … marginal. - Asia's increased innovation spending is most prominently related to information and communication technologies …. Overall, the Chinese and Korean economies are still not specialised in knowledge-intensive goods and services …