Moderation? can be found in firm level data as well remains disputed. We study the evolution of firm level output volatility … trends in unconditional firm level and aggregated output volatility in Germany are similar. There has been a long …-run downward trend, which was interrupted by the unification period. Second, the conditional, idiosyncratic firm level volatility …

From a theoretical point of view, greater trade openness affects firm-level volatility by …