With reference to major global developments including COVID-19, climate change, and digital disruption, this study positions WTO and RTAs reform as key to building robustness and resilience in global supply and value chains. The overall focus of this paper is to combine the demand for resilience...

The high costs of complying with Rules of Origin (ROO) requirements mean that small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) often find it cheaper and more efficient to pay customs duties instead of producing the paperwork that would allow them access to preferential, often zero tariffs under trade...