World and U.S. energy intensities have declined over the past century, falling at an average rate of approximately 1.2–1.5 percent a year. The decline has persisted through periods of stagnating or even falling energy prices, suggesting the decline is driven in large part by autonomous...

This chapter examines the direction of causality between financial development and economic growth in 44 developed and developing countries for the period of 1965-2016. Using bank-based indicators, our empirical results provide the evidence of linear Granger-causality running from economic...