significant negative effect on income per capita, especially in countries with bad rule of law or bad policies, but these results … natural capital) has a significant negative effect on income per capita even after controlling for geography, rule of law and … openness. These results are robust to using alternative measures of institutional quality (expropriation and corruption instead …

that arise along the way. Special attention is given to Norway, the world's third largest oil exporter, and the role of …

This essay reviews the relationship between natural-resource abundance and economic growth around the world, and … protection, corruption, and income inequality. The cross-sectional data show, moreover, that the share of the primary sector in …

abundant natural capital tend to have (a) less trade and foreign investment, (b) more corruption, (c) less education, and (d …