limited to standardeconomic measures of poverty based on incomes or expenditures,but also include trends in selected … thepopulation is now living in poverty. Real wages have fallen,joblessness has increased, school enrolment has dropped andgeneral …

counterfactual simulations. We start by decomposingchanges in inequality/poverty indices into three contributions: reforms of the tax …

Until now there have been no national estimates of the extent of poverty in Britain at the turnof the 20th century … deficiencies. Weuse these data to estimate urban poverty in the British Isles in 1904... …