The arguments for refinancing the European Union’s (EU) higher education via highertuition fees largely rest on preserving the profitability of the educational investmentand offering deferred and income-contingent payments. Using income survey datasetson Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom...

In the Former Soviet Union, the early 1990s were characterized by largefalls in GDP and small changes to already low unemployment. The slowadjustment to unemployment was a result of employers using variousmeans to maintain employment levels, including; extended periods ofunpaid leave, reduced...