Europe is a continent of cities with a remarkable history of cultural inspiration, wealth creation, social and politicaldynamism. But in the late-20th century, many former industrial cities entered a period of steep decline, losingmost of their manufacturing jobs and many of their economic...

This report covers the second year of the ESRC Research Centre for Analysis ofSocial Exclusion (CASE) from October 1998 to September 1999. The year sawincreased activity and output from the previous year.The Centre’s objectives are to develop understanding within five broad areas:income...