This paper formulates and estimates multistage production functions for children's cognitive and noncognitive skills … investment in children compared to later remediation. We establish nonparametric identfication of a general class of production … targeting of interventions to children with different parental and personal birth endowments. Substitutability decreases in …

progress. Maternal education and mental health, family income, and major adverse life events, are all significant in explaining … educational progress. We also find a strong tendency for observers to understate the problems of older children and adolescents …

This paper studies the impact of permanent and transitory shocks to income on parental investments in children. We use … panel data on family income, and an index of investments in children in time and goods, from the Children of the National … partial insurance of parental investments against permanent income shocks, but the magnitude of the estimated responses is …