Let i = 1, . . . , N index a simple random sample of units drawn from some large population. For each unit we observe the vector of regressors Xi and, for each of the N (N - 1) ordered pairs of units, an outcome Yij . The outcomes Yij and Ykl are independent if their indices are disjoint, but...

Many empirical questions concern target parameters selected through optimization. For example, researchers may be interested in the effectiveness of the best policy found in a randomized trial, or the best-performing investment strategy based on historical data. Such settings give rise to a...

Currently there is little practical advice on which treatment effect estimator to use when trying to adjust for observable differences. A recent suggestion is to compare the performance of estimators in simulations that somehow mimic the empirical context. Two ways to run such "empirical Monte...

This paper develops a specification test for instrument validity in the heterogeneous treatment effect model with a binary treatment and a discrete instrument. The strongest testable implication for instrument validity is given by the condition for nonnegativity of point-identifiable complier's...

In this article the package High-dimensional Metrics (hdm) is introduced. It is a collection of statistical methods for estimation and quantification of uncertainty in high-dimensional approximately sparse models. It focuses on providing confidence intervals and significance testing for...

This paper presents a weighted optimization framework that unifies the binary, multi-valued, continuous, as well as mixture of discrete and continuous treatment, under unconfounded treatment assignment. With a general loss function, the framework includes the average, quantile and asymmetric...