When the Enlargement took place on 1 May 2004, The Common Trade Policy with all trade policy instrument were automatically applied to imports into the enlarged European Union. As a result, current EU trade defence law and measures are automatically in force in Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia,...

The EU's economic co-operation and political dialogue with Russia take place in many spheres touching the Kaliningrad issue, WTO membership, a war against terrorism, energy dialogue, and the consequences of the EU Eastern Enlargement that took place in May 2004. Undoubtedly, the European Union...

Worker industry affiliation plays a crucial role in how trade policy affects wages in many trade models. Yet, most research has focused on how trade policy affects wages by altering the economy-wide returns to a specific worker characteristic (i.e. skill or education) rather than through...

This Paper studies the relationship between trade liberalization and informality. It is often claimed that increased foreign competition in developing countries leads to an expansion of the informal sector, defined as the sector that does not comply with labour market legislation. Using data...

The impact of protection on economic growth is one of the traditional issues in economic history, which has enjoyed a revival in recent times, with the publication of a number of comparative quantitative papers. They all share a common weakness: they measure protection with the ratio of custom...

The theoretical debate over whether countries can and should set tariffs in response to export elasticities goes back over a century to the writings of Edgeworth (1894) and Bickerdike (1907). Despite the optimal tariff argument's centrality in debates over trade policy, there exists no evidence...

This paper empirically explores the political-economic determinants of why governments choose to tax or subsidize trade in agriculture. We use a new data set on nominal rates of assistance (NRA) across a number of commodities spanning the last four decades for 64 countries. NRAs measure the...