This paper compares financial assistance programmes of four euro-area countries (Greece, Ireland, Portugal, and Cyprus) and three non-euro-area countries (Hungary, Latvia, and Romania) of the European Union in the aftermath of the 2007/08 global financial and economic crisis-which were supported...

Standard simple-sum monetary aggregates, like M3, sum up monetary assets that are imperfect substitutes and provide different transaction and investment services. Divisia monetary aggregates, originated from Barnett (1980), are derived from economic aggregation and index number theory and aim to...

The euro-area sovereign debt crisis is receding. Europe is on a recovery path, growth is broad-based and unemployment is falling. One after the other, countries hit hardest by the crisis are exiting their adjustment programmes. However, debt remains high in most countries and future debt crises...

In the new European Union fiscal framework proposed by the European Commission in April 2023, medium-term fiscal adjustment requirements would be determined by country-by-country debt sustainability analysis (DSA), the 3 percent deficit ceiling and simple rules requiring minimum deficit and debt...

Different jurisdictions have set out different reasons for creating central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). Some countries, particularly those with already-operational CBDCs for retail purposes, aim to to promote financial inclusion. But in countries where most citizens have access to financial...

Wie in vielen anderen Weltregionen soll der halbjährliche Wechsel zwischen Winter- und Sommerzeit in der EU abgeschafft werden. Dieser Beitrag untersucht, ob es eine optimale Zeitzone für ein Land gibt und ob ein „Zeitzonenflickenteppich“ tatsächlich mit hohen ökonomischen Kosten...

Die Wahl zum Europäischen Parlament Ende Mai 2019 hat einige Entwicklungen gezeigt: Die Wahlbeteiligung ist deutlich gestiegen, die großen Volksparteien haben Verluste erlitten, aber der befürchtete Siegeszug der europaskeptischen und populistischen Parteien blieb aus. Angesichts der auf...

European Union countries offer a unique experience of financial regulatory and supervisory integration, complementing various other European integration efforts following the second world war. Financial regulatory and supervisory integration was a very slow process before 2008, despite...