The purpose of this paper is to provide insight into the European Union's (EU) member states' exposure to labor market risks. I try to accomplish this by empirically assessing whether there is a pattern of symmetry across the EU over time, or whether particular labor market risks are...

Based on the estimation of a theoretically consistent gravity equation, together with a careful computation of transportation costs across countries and industries, the Paper first provides estimates of ‘border effects’ among EU countries. The second objective is to examine the reasons for...