follows a path of full liberalization, facing, however, great difficulties in achieving unbundling of vertically integrated …, enacting regulation to ensure household consumer protection and security of supply. …

companies also vary considerably with the chosen regulation depending on how the respective cost implications at the plant level …

This paper analyses the macroeconomic costs of environmental regulation in European energy markets on the basis of …. From a macroeconomic point of view, however, the costs of environmental regulation appear to be modest. The underlying … environmental targets and the efficient design of regulation are key determinants for the cost burden. …

environmental regulation scheme: Each EU Member State must specify additional domestic abatement policies for the sectors that are …. Based on numerical simulations for Germany, we illustrate the efficiency drawback of hybrid carbon regulation which becomes …