structure with one firm choosing higher investments. While access regulation imposed on the dominant firm leads to lower prices … network effects leading to potentially increased demand, regulation can substantially lower aggregate social welfare …

existing access regulation is based on a single essential network. We show that continued asymmetric access regulation of one … network does not control sufficiently for market power and benefits the unregulated network, and that symmetric regulation … would lead to higher consumer surplus. Furthermore, the whole setup of access regulation may not be viable in the long run …