This paper examines the wage earnings of fully-employed previous refugee immigrants in Sweden. Using administrative … employer-employee data from 1990 onwards, about 100,000 refugee immigrants who arrived between 1980 and 1996 and were granted … overperformance is due to female refugee immigrants, who have-relative to their endowment-higher wages than comparable native …

unemployment by means of internet activity data, a literature starting with the seminal article of Askitas and Zimmermann (2009a …

This paper investigates the border between formal employment, shadow employment, and unemployment in an equilibrium … employment is correlated with unemployment, and it is tolerated because the repression of shadow activity increases unemployment … the model. The paper suggests also that policies aimed at reducing the shadow economy are likely to increase unemployment. …

This Paper studies the border between shadow employment and unemployment. It argues that the two macroeconomic … the labour market trade-off implied by ‘shadow reducing policies’, it suggests that economies with low unemployment … perform original empirical work on the border between employment, unemployment and inactivity, and we find that Italian shadow …