something else mattered just as much: the opening up of the European economy to international trade. …

, they cannot explain the post-1929 increase in trade costs. Protectionism seems the most likely alternative candidate. …

of Heckscher-Ohlin theory. The theory predicts that the impact of being skilled or unskilled on attitudes towards trade … and immigration should depend on a country’s skill endowments, with the skilled being less anti-trade and anti …

convergence. Focusing on the late nineteenth century, a period both of globalization and convergence, it shows that trade had an …

-biased technological change was due to a growth in ``Baconian knowledge'' and international trade. Simulations show that the model does a …

Trade theorists have come to understand that their theory is ambiguous on the question: are trade and factor flows … finds that policy-makers never behaved as if they viewed trade and immigration as substitutes. …

supply side at center stage, affording little or no role for demand or overseas trade. Recently, alternative explanations … have placed an emphasis on the importance of trade with New World colonies, and the expanded supply of raw cotton it … for 1760 and 1850. Neither claim is supported. Trade was vital for the progress of the industrial revolution; but it was …