This paper studies maintenance and tolling decisions by two competing private operators of roads that experience depreciation and congestion. Duopoly generally results in higher social costs not only than in the first-best optimum but also the second-best optimum in which roads can be maintained...

This paper discusses the formulation of crowding in public transport and its implications for pricing, seating capacity and optimal scheduling. An analytical model is used to describe the user equilibrium and the optimal equilibrium for different stylized conditions. For the one OD pair case...