of the commitment of participants in the ERM to maintain their parities against the Deutschmark, with Germany acting as a … low-inflation anchor. The paper finds evidence of such a credibility effect: during `the EMS period' (flexibly dated …) German inflation enters into autoregressive inflation predictor schemes for each of the main EMS countries (Belgium, France …

natural rate of unemployment. In addition, because of differential inflation across countries, real exchange rates become …

has been a worsening in the trade-off between unemployment and inflation. The poor unemployment/inflation trade-off is due … to the neglect of skill training and education (causing skill shortages) and to the build-up of long-term unemployment … (which does little to restrain inflation). …

precommit. This implies that a variation of the policy maker's degree of inflation aversion does not have a systematic effect on … maker's inflation aversion may have a systematic effect on equilibrium employment even if agents have rational expectations …

monetary policy usually affects both inflation and unemployment, even when all structural parameters of the economy and of … features, such as the degree of centralization of wage bargaining, labour unions' inflation aversion and the degree of … suggests that the switch to a monetary union is likely to make labor uur unions more aggressive, increasing unemployment …