oceanic trade. Moreover, Atlantic ports grew much faster than other West European cities, including Mediterranean ports …. Atlantic trade and colonialism affected Europe both directly and indirectly by inducing institutional changes. In particular …, the growth of New World, African and Asian trade after 1500 strengthened new segments of the commercial bourgeoisie and …

Emerging world countries have experienced over the last two decades a significant change in their trade patterns. Bold … trade reforms have been followed by rapid rises in international trade levels. However, despite these radical changes, we … know remarkably little about how changes in trade patterns are affecting the evolution of regional inequality in the …

We estimate the respective contributions of institutions, geography, and trade in determining income levels around the … world, using recently developed instruments for institutions and trade. Our results indicate that the quality of … institutions are controlled for, trade is almost always insignificant, and often enters the income equation with the 'wrong' (i …