We investigate theoretically and empirically the competitive effects of increased trade on prices, productivity and … and significant impact on sectoral prices. Increased openness lowers prices by both reducing markups and raising … productivity rises in a manner that increases over time. Our estimates suggest that EU manufacturing prices fell by 2 …

The EU faces challenges in reforming the Gas and Electricity Directives to implement the single market in electricity …. A key issue is striking the right balance between complete liberalisation and ensuring adequate capacity and investment …

efficiency, taking into account the regulatory changes that have affected the European airline industry. We construct and … estimate a model that includes demand, capacity, and cost equations. The latter accounts for inefficiency and cost …

average consumer, which gives rise to inefficiently high usage prices and too high level of compatibility between the networks. …

) enjoy higher levels of efficiency and have the potential to generate positive spillovers. At the same time, the entry of …