agricultural tariffs, industrial tariffs, and revenue tariffs, for a sample of relatively well-developed countries between 1875 and … 1913. Industrial tariffs were positively correlated with growth. Agricultural tariffs were negatively correlated with … between revenue tariffs and growth. …

that commodity price volatility is a key source of those shocks. This paper explores commodity and manufactures prices over …Poor countries are more volatile than rich countries, and we know this volatility impedes their growth. We also know … the past three centuries to answer three questions: Has commodity price volatility increased over time? The answer is no …