In this paper we contrast regional and national data on real exchange rate movements, the growth rates of output and employment, labour mobility and unemployment. We find that asymmetric shocks tend to be more prevalent at the regional than at the national level in Europe. The presumption of the...

According to the Maastricht Treaty, EMS countries will be able to join EMU if their inflation rates are not more than 1.5% higher than the average of the three lowest inflation rates in the EMS. In this paper I analyse the likelihood of inflation rates converging to the levels set out in the...