reinforcing processes. Industrial agglomeration in one location spurs growth because it reduces the cost of innovation in that … origin of innovation expands, new firms tend to locate close to this sector. The model can be interpreted as illustrating one … mechanism behind the emergence of cities seen as centres for production and innovation, and is consistent with the episodes of …

-country dynamic Ricardian model with endogenous innovation and hold-up problems, the value chain consists of two activities …, innovation and production. Entry in the market happens through R&D and entrants face two decisions. The 'location decision … perform innovation and production within the same vertically integrated structure or not. In this framework, the quality of …

-savings" effect they may leave unaffected, or even increase, total native employment of less skilled workers. Our model also predicts … positive net effect on native employment while offshoring has no effect on it. We also find some evidence that offshoring has …

This paper analyses theoretically and empirically how employment subsidies should be targeted. We contrast measures … efficiency" (AWE). Thereby we can identify policies that (a)improve employment and welfare, (b)do not raise earnings inequality …