key ingredients: creditor discrimination and crowding-out effects. Creditor discrimination arises because, in turbulent …

discrimination. Using data collected in the 1980 Women and Employment Survey, we find that women's wages would be between 20 and 25 … per cent higher in the absence of discrimination. This is somewhat higher than previous estimates have indicated. …

We adopt a general equilibrium approach in order to measure the effects of recent immigration on the Western German … period 1987-2001, we find that the substantial immigration of the 1990's had no adverse effects on native wages and … as `flexible' as the UK labour market, it would be more efficient in dealing with the effects of immigration. …

the US and Europe. Another popular view is that these differences are explained by long-standing European ‘culture’, but … the US and Europe. These policies do not seem to have increased employment, but they may have had a more society …

1500 and 1800 look similar to the stagnating southern, central and eastern parts of Europe rather than the developing … northwestern parts. In the advanced parts of India and China, grain wages were comparable to those in northwestern Europe, but … wages of northwestern Europe were not simply a monetary phenomenon, but reflected high productivity in the tradable sector …

, the completion of Europe's domestic market could exert a profound influence on nonmember countries. This paper examines …

, focusing on Europe in the late 19th century period as a guide for modern debates. For this purpose, we first estimate a gravity …

rates in Europe. It is, however, unclear which features characterise the South of Italy compared to other Peripheral areas … carries out a comparative analysis of unemployment rates of the different ‘Mezzogiornos of Europe’. Finally, some policy …

Similar durations but lower flows into unemployment gave Europe lower unemployment rates than the United States until … the 1970's. But since 1980, higher durations have kept unemployment rates in Europe persistently higher than in the U.S. A … general equilibrium search model with human capital explains how these outcomes arise from the way Europe's higher firing …