We test for gender discrimination by sending fake CVs to apply for entry-level jobs. Female candidates are more likely …

We test for gender discrimination by sending fake CVs to apply for entry-level jobs. Female candidates are more likely …

these studies, summarised in the first part of the paper, are that the gender pay gap in Europe is typically increasing … a glass ceiling effect. The existence of this glass ceiling suggests that the average gender pay gap in Europe is mainly … extent to which these stylised facts are due to policies and institutions, discrimination, to other unobservable factors, or …

this is largely explained by a matching decline in ‘Oaxaca's discrimination,’ suggesting extraordinary improvement of women …

key ingredients: creditor discrimination and crowding-out effects. Creditor discrimination arises because, in turbulent …

discrimination. Using data collected in the 1980 Women and Employment Survey, we find that women's wages would be between 20 and 25 … per cent higher in the absence of discrimination. This is somewhat higher than previous estimates have indicated. …

addition to earnings and productivity measures, we have information on outside offers and perceptions of discrimination. In … higher pay increases in response to outside offers. This may arise due to discrimination, and we find that perceptions of … discrimination and also outside job applications correlate with an individual receiving earnings below that expected, given their …

We adopt a general equilibrium approach in order to measure the effects of recent immigration on the Western German … period 1987-2001, we find that the substantial immigration of the 1990's had no adverse effects on native wages and … as `flexible' as the UK labour market, it would be more efficient in dealing with the effects of immigration. …