causes democracy. Existing studies establish a strong cross-country correlation between income and democracy, but do not … country fixed effects removes the statistical association between income per capita and various measures of democracy. We also … on democracy. Furthermore, we reconcile the positive cross-country correlation between income and democracy with the …

parametric estimates may have seriously underestimated the growth effects of democracy. In particular, we find an average … negative effect on growth of leaving democracy on the order of -2 percentage points implying effects on income per capita as …

capita income causes the creation and the consolidation of democracy. We argue that existing studies find support for this … affect both the level of income per capita and the likelihood of democracy in a country, and failing to control for these … factors may introduce a spurious relationship between income and democracy. We show that controlling for these historical …

This Paper documents that the rise of (Western) Europe between 1500 and 1850 is largely accounted for by the growth of …. Atlantic trade and colonialism affected Europe both directly and indirectly by inducing institutional changes. In particular …, thus enabling new merchants in these countries to benefit from Atlantic trade. Therefore, the Rise of Europe was largely …

This paper examines the economic rationale for concern about the falling rate of growth of Europe's population. It also … assembles demographic and economic time-series data for the countries of Eastern and Western Europe during the postwar period …

The paper comprises a thorough survey of the literature on growth in Western Europe since 1950. This experience is put …

Over the last two centuries, many countries experienced regime transitions toward democracy. We document this … democratic transition over a long time horizon. We use historical time series of income, education and democracy levels from 1870 … to 2000 to explore the economic factors associated with rising levels of democracy. We find that primary schooling, and …

there exists a distribution of resources such that democracy emerges in equilibrium, but there are distributions of … resources for which democracy is infeasible in equilibrium irrespective of the level of development. The model also delivers … results on the stability of democracy with regard to changes in the economic and demographic environment. The results are …