Over the last decades, both Canada and Sweden have liberalized citizenship regulations for permanent residents. During the same period, immigration patterns by country of birth have changed substantially, with an increasing number of immigrants arriving from non-western countries. The aim of...

Weak labour market attachment is a primary reason for unsuccessful integration of immigrants. Therefore, it is interesting to know what affects the probability that immigrants become employed, and hence gain stronger labour market attachment. We study what determines the probability of being...