theoretical support. Multi-period models of criminal enforcement based on the standard economic approach of Becker (1968 … model that predicts decreasing penalty structures will yield greater deterrence than increasing penalty structures. We find … for any given decision, being in a decreasing fine structure has a significant effect on deterrence. …

We estimate the deterrence effects of U.S. merger policy instruments with respect to the composition and frequency of …-losses: deterrence variables akin to the traditional conditional probabilities from the economics of crime literature. We find the … conditional probability of eliciting an antitrust challenge (i.e., remedies and prohibitions) involves the strongest deterrence …

of rewarding whistleblowers in other fields of law enforcement. It concludes with a list of desiderata for leniency and …

crime rates. In particular, the relationship between the traditional instruments of deterrence, namely intensification of …

Antitrust policy involves not just the regulation of anti-competitive behavior, but also an important deterrence effect …. Neither scholars nor policymakers have fully researched the deterrence effects of merger policy tools, as they have been … words, prohibitions involve a deterrence effect but remedies do not. …

by good legal systems, suggesting complementarities between competition policy and the efficiency of law enforcement …

: subjects use costly fines as (altruistic) punishments. Leniency further increases deterrence, but stabilizes surviving cartels …, deterrence is unaffected but prices grow. Differences between treatments in Stockholm and Rome suggest culture may affect optimal … law enforcement. …

We review current methods for calculating fines against cartels in the US and EU, and simulate their deterrence effects … deterrence effects before leniency programs were introduced. Previous simulations of the effects of fines ignore the different … type of deterrence that leniency programs bring about, and, therefore, grossly overstate the minimum fine likely to have …