and applications include political groups, ethnicities, agents motivated by the work in the public sector and corruption … that patronage may be strictly positive in both of them. We also apply the second setting to the case of corruption. …

How can a non-democratic ruler provide proper incentives for state bureaucracy? In the absence of competitive elections …

Paper argues that the thin line between efficient management practices and inefficient bureaucracy is crossed to curb … managerial agency costs in a multi-layer hierarchy. The model predicts that bureaucracy increases with the frequency of … managerial turnover, and it establishes a link between bureaucracy, incentive schemes, and leverage in a cross-section of firms. …

Over the last two centuries, many countries experienced regime transitions toward democracy. We document this … democratic transition over a long time horizon. We use historical time series of income, education and democracy levels from 1870 … to 2000 to explore the economic factors associated with rising levels of democracy. We find that primary schooling, and …

there exists a distribution of resources such that democracy emerges in equilibrium, but there are distributions of … resources for which democracy is infeasible in equilibrium irrespective of the level of development. The model also delivers … results on the stability of democracy with regard to changes in the economic and demographic environment. The results are …

democracy and to assess the prospects of future research in the area. …

evaluate separately the impact of political institutions linked to democracy and suffrage and of those institutions more …

We use a sample of 147 countries to investigate the link between democracy and reforms. Democracy may be conducive to … institutions. The results provide a robust support for the claim that democracy is good for growth-enhancing reforms. …