In the late 19th century, the industrial countries of Europe and North America developed very different systems of technical education for the workforce. Some emphasised full-time instruction, largely state-financed, while others relied on part time instruction, financed by employees and seen as...

The measurement of national income has added greatly to our understanding of economic and social change in Europe over the past hundred years. But national income analysis does not take full account of changes in welfare and particularly of the causes and effects of long-term changes in the...