and applications include political groups, ethnicities, agents motivated by the work in the public sector and corruption … that patronage may be strictly positive in both of them. We also apply the second setting to the case of corruption. …

The paper studies the effect of additional government revenues on political corruption and on the quality of … implications of the theory and identify the causal effect of larger federal transfers on political corruption and the observed … transfers increase political corruption and reduce the quality of candidates for mayor. …

. We show that corruption opportunities are lower under centralization at each period of time. However, centralization … makes more difficult for citizens to detect corrupt incumbents. Thus, corruption is easier under centralization for low …

We study the emergence and interaction of red tape and corruption in a principal-bureaucrat-agent hierarchy. The … the social optimum if the bureaucrat in charge of red tape is corrupt. We consider two types of corruption. First, the … bribes to conceal the information produced through red tape. The former kind of corruption tends to reduce red tape, while …

enforcers - on sequential, bilateral, illegal transactions such as corruption, manager-auditor collusion, or drug deals. It is …

losses created by corruption. For each level of externalities, we find that high and low levels of corruption create … qualitatively different distortions, which in turn changes the nature and reach of optimal policies. Under low levels of corruption … the first best allocation. When externalities and corruption are above a threshold, only a second best allocation can be …

and decreasing in officials' corruption. In contrast to the "tollbooth view" of regulation, the standard chosen by a self …-interested government is a non-monotonic function of officials' corruption, and can be either lower or higher than that chosen by a …-capita income, and negatively with corruption, consistently with the model's predictions for benevolent governments …