findings on gender discrimination, and while they have identified a bias against hiring women in some labor market segments …, have lower preferences than men for risk and competition, and may be more sensitive to social cues. These gender …

candidate is expectations: what people expect could affect how they feel about what actually occurs. In a real-effort experiment …, we manipulate the rational expectations of subjects and check whether this manipulation influences their effort provision …-based reference-dependent preferences: if expectations are high, subjects work longer and earn more money than if expectations are low. …

both increased competition and the enactment of equal treatment laws reduce the gender wage gap. …

in international data. More market orientation might be related to gender wage gaps via its effects on competition in …