This study analyses the economic and political consequences of introducing a tax on the carbon content of imported goods at EU borders and whether such a tax would be compatible with WTO rules. The major findings are: 1. A CO2 border tax or import tariff would increase global welfare; 2. Such a...

The low-carbon transition, for example in line with the European Commission’s proposed Long-Term Strategy1 net-zero2 target by 2050 or the Commission President-elect ‘climate neutrality’ objective, will require a very large increase in electricity, especially for low-carbon solutions in...

"The Ever-Changing Union" provides a concise overview of the EU's history, institutional structures and decision-making processes. As such, its aim is not to cover the breadth or complexity of information that can now be found in EU text books; this overview should provide the reader with all...