We analyze for the first time cash holdings of private households in all euro area countries from 2002 to 2019 within a … panel cointegration framework. Besides the traditional determinants of cash demand like transactions balances and … opportunity costs, we concentrate on cashless payments media as substitutes to cash payments and the role of the shadow economy …

Netherlands and Germany. Participants received a set of 200 banknotes with either a high or a low average soil level, based on the … actual circulation in two different countries. Real-life circulation in both Germany and the Netherlands is in between these …

This paper empirically investigates whether individuals withhold a certain amount of cash for precautionary reasons at … the point-of-sale (POS) in order to be able to cover future transactions that might have to be paid for in cash. Such … being settled in cash declines significantly as the amount of cash available at one’s disposal decreases. This indicates …

that, for the coin denominations €2, €1, 50 cent and 20 cent roughly the same quantity of euro coins migrate from Germany … Republic of Germany are not materially explained by exports of coins to other euro area countries. …

Many studies of producer behavior consider cost and input demand functions de-rived from microeconomic theory and …