Would parents do anything to enable a better future for their children - or only when they are seen to do so? Here we … for future generations. We hypothesise that parents will be most likely to invest in VCA when their own offspring observes … their decision, whereas when adults or genetically unrelated children observe them, the effect will be smaller. In a large …

children of high income parents early in their lives, which encourages greater cognitive development and lifetime earnings. … effects working through the other channels, thus providing an in-depth understanding of the link between parents’ and children …