Large-scale increases in discrimination can lead to dismissals of highly qualified managers. We investigate how expulsions of senior Jewish managers, due to rising discrimination in Nazi Germany, affected large corporations. Firms that lost Jewish managers experienced persistent reductions in...

1. The Organization of Terror and Murder -- 2. The Modern Theory of Bureaucracy -- 3. Bureaucratic Competition in the Third Reich -- 4. Vertical Trust Networks in the Nazi Bureaucracy -- 5. Horizontal Trust Networks in the Nazi Bureaucracy -- 6. Coercion and Vertical Trust in the Nazi...

1.Italian Economics and Fascism: an Institutional View -- 2. Economists and the Fascist Regime: A Painful Continuity? -- 3 The Persistence of Tradition: The Economists in the Law Faculties and in the Higher Institutes of Business Studies (1922 – 1943) -- 4.The Faculties of Political Sciences...

1. Economic Expertise and Political Militancy under Fascism: an Introduction -- 2. From Nationalism to Fascism: Protagonists and Journals -- 3. Planning and Discussing Corporatism and the “New International Order” -- 4. “Breaking down the Ivory Tower”: Economic Culture in Italian...

Guinnane and Hoffman (subsequently GH) comment on two of our papers: Voigtländer and Voth: “Persecution Perpetuated” (2012, subsequently PP) and Satyanath, Voigtländer and Voth: Bowling for Fascism (2017, subsequently BF). They allege that our econometric results are fragile and depend on...

The persistence literature in economics and related disciplines connects recent outcomes to events long ago. This influential literature marks a promising development but has drawn criticism. We discuss two prominent examples that ground the rise of the Nazi Party in distant historical roots....