import demand functions with reference to Pakistan’s trading partners. We use GARCH-based exchange rate volatilities and the … with that of the short run. The results show that, when Pakistan employed the US dollar as the vehicle currency with its … remained unaffected by volatility distortions when Pakistan traded with its developing partners using bilateral exchange rates …

This article argues that a new growth vent in Pakistan requires tapping into external lucrative markets in a manner …

Pakistan. The paper discusses the various preferential trade agreements Pakistan has already signed. It notes that, with the … exception of its trade agreement with China, Pakistan has not succeeded in concluding preferential trading arrangements with any … Council (GCC). The South Asia Free Trade Area (SAFTA) could potentially be of considerable importance for Pakistan’s long …

Pakistan. The paper discusses the various preferential trade agreements Pakistan has already signed. It notes that, with the … exception of its trade agreement with China, Pakistan has not succeeded in concluding preferential trading arrangements with any … Council (GCC). The South Asia Free Trade Area (SAFTA) could potentially be of considerable importance for Pakistan’s long …

The main objective of this study is to investigate how access to modern marketing channels impacts the efficiency of …-on regression analysis support the hypothesis that the access to modern marketing channels, where payment for fresh milk is based on …

market power. Two main results are shown. First, in the presence of buyer power trade liberalization may lead to retail … market concentration. Due to this concentration retail prices may be higher and welfare may be lower in free trade than in … autarky, thus reversing the standard effects of trade liberalization. Second, the pro-competitive effects of trade …

international trade and two groups of countries that differ with respect to fuel demand and environmental damage. It investigates …

We build and estimate a structural dynamic general equilibrium model of growth and trade. Trade affects growth through …, growth affects trade, directly through changes in country size and indirectly through altering the incidence of trade costs …. Theory translates into an intuitive econometric system that identifies the causal impact of trade on income and growth, and …

Recent trade theory in the Krugman (1980) tradition predicts that countries with larger market size enjoy higher levels … spending on inputs is affected by trade costs. However, in cross-country data, there is no such positive correlation between … is implicitly assumed in the usual formulation of aggregate CES production functions. Whether trade liberalization …