, financial reforms that ended decades of financial repression, and a massive privatization program. We investigate the role … played by ideas, interests and institutions. More specifically, we examine the role played by the 'reform team' investigate …

We study the role of firms in the political economy of trade agreements. Using detailed information from lobbying … reports filed under the Lobbying Disclosure Act, we find that virtually all firms that lobby on free trade agreements (FTAs …) support their ratification. Moreover, relative to non-lobbying firms, lobbying firms are larger, and more likely to be engaged …

timing of the extensions of this right from elite groups to a broad population generally later, than in areas where there was …

likely to happen by government decree. Instead, they usually come about when the unanimous blocking of reform by powerful … sustainability of reform depends on the existence of new groups that benefit from the new status quo and have enough power to defend … it. Thus, the speed of successful reform is determined by the speed with which new groups are consolidated. Initially …

political mechanisms: we study legislative bargaining, lobbying, and electoral competition, as well as the possible interactions …

smoothing. Second deficits can be eliminated through a fiscal reform, but such a reform may only take place after a" delay …

exceptionalism" reside in the interplay between the early achievement of universal (white) manhood suffrage and elite efforts to …