differences between standard poverty and inequality measures based on observed income and measures that are calculated based on …This paper examines the measurement of social welfare, poverty and inequality taking into account reference … suggest a new notion of equivalent income, the income level with which the individual would be as well off, evaluated using a …

. Further, there is now a consensus on adopting more ambitious goals on poverty reduction. Defining social protection as a … collection of programs that address risk, vulnerability, inequality and poverty through a system of transfers in cash or in kind …: Indicators of Resilience and Equity (ASPIRE) data set. Focusing on the goal of ending poverty, the paper estimates that social …

income, migration cost and poverty line conditions under which a poverty gradient from rural to town to city will exist as an …Should public investment be targeted to big cities or to small towns, if the objective is to minimize national poverty …

urbanization may well bear on the speed of poverty reduction. This paper reviews the latter question within the context of Tanzania …. It starts from the observation that migration to towns contributed much more to poverty reduction than migration to … access off-farm employment and exit poverty because they are more nearby. It concludes with a call for greater consideration …

appreciating the role of secondary towns in rural-urban migration and poverty reduction. Secondary towns occupy a unique middle …. Secondary towns therefore have great potential as vehicles for inclusive growth and poverty reduction in urbanizing developing …

Rising income inequalities are widely debated in public and academic discourse. In this paper, we contribute to this … fairness principles, namely equality of opportunity and freedom from poverty, into a joint measure of unfair inequality. Two … inequality. Second, average unfair inequality doubles when complementing the ideal of an equal opportunity society with poverty …