costlessly enforced. The costs of insecurity and the resultant conflict are, however, real and often economically significant. In … this paper, we examine how international trade regimes affect the costs of conflict and, in turn, how the desirability of … international trade is affected by these costs. We consider both domestic and international conflict. Trade openness reduces the …

We analyze how trade openness matters for interstate conflict over productive resources. Our analysis features a terms …, greater trade openness brings with it a reduction in resources diverted to conflict and thus wasted, as well as the familiar … with a third (friendly) country, a move from autarky to trade intensifies conflict between the two adversaries, inducing …

In this study, we look at the association between COVID-19 fatality rate and internal conflict, highlighting the … COVID-19 fatality rates are likely to be positively associated with internal conflict in countries with lower levels of … countries, the estimation results demonstrate that the positive effect of COVID-19 fatality rates on internal conflict may …

global climate policy and neutrality of the supporting institutions is critical for such cooperation to succeed. Difficulties …