Afonso, António; Rault, Christophe - 2009
, we study the causality between government spending and revenue for the EU in the period 1960-2006. We find spend …-and-tax causality for Italy, France, Spain, Greece, and Portugal, while tax-and-spend evidence is present for Germany, Belgium, Austria … Finland and the UK, and for several EU New Member States. Moreover, in the run-up to EMU there was some shifting away from a …