corruption. On the one hand, if we assume that the goal of criminals involved in corruption is to minimize the probability of … being detected, then corruption represents a demand for money laundering (trigger effect), while money laundering can serve … as an effective way to clean the revenue from corruption for re-investment (multiplier effect). On the other hand …

estimating the size of the shadow economy for 157 countries over 1991 to 2017. The results suggest that the OECD countries are by … far the lowest with values below 20% of off official GDP and the shadow economy is larger in Latin America and Sub ….9%. What is really remarkable, that the average decline of the shadow economy from 1991 to 2017 is 6.8 percentage points. The …

for the size of the shadow economy. Our results confirm the usual positive impact of institutional quality on official … output and total factor productivity, and its negative impact on the size of the underground economy. However, once output is … corrected for the shadow economy, the relationship between institutions and output becomes weaker. The impact of institutions on …

Using the MIMIC method, this paper is a first attempt to estimate the size of the shadow economy of 158 countries over … proxy for the size of the economy. Results suggest that the average size of the shadow economy of these 158 countries over …

corruption. On the one hand, if we assume that the goal of criminals involved in corruption is to minimize the probability of … being detected, then corruption represents a demand for money laundering (trigger effect), while money laundering can serve … as an effective way to clean the revenue from corruption for re-investment (multiplier effect). On the other hand …

shadow economy. Countries where direct democratic institutions support democratic life are expected to be characterized by a … core hypothesis and demonstrates that the effect of direct democratic institutions on the shadow economy is negative and …