calculate social welfare weights by income level using the inverse optimal-tax method. We find that all political parties … roughly give a higher social welfare weight to the poor than to the rich. Furthermore, left-wing parties attach higher social … welfare weights to the poor and lower social welfare weights to the rich than right-wing parties do. However, we also discover …

, whereas the conventional 100 % tax view holds under the standard utilitarian social welfare criterion, it does not hold under … the ex post egalitarian criterion, which assigns a strong weight to the welfare of unlucky short-lived individuals. From …

postulated social welfare criterion. We first characterize optimal lockdown under utilitarianism, and we show that this social … further reduces average utility, but leads to a larger aggregate welfare. The optimal lockdown under utilitarianism is also …