This paper examines the measurement of social welfare, poverty and inequality taking into account reference … differences between standard poverty and inequality measures based on observed income and measures that are calculated based on …

This paper examines the impact of the introduction of the value-added tax on inequality and government revenues using … indicate that income-based inequality has increased due to the VAT adoption, whereas consumption inequality has remained …

appears to have caused a high degree of economic inequality, and democratization in the form of franchise expansion has … between other measures of democracy, based on civil liberties and political rights, and inequality. The transition experience …

While standard political economy theories suggest a moderating effect of democratization on income inequality … first, that prevailing ideology may be an important determinant of inequality and, second, that the democratization effect … income groups, hence democratization may have only a negligible effect on inequality. On the other hand, in societies where …