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Refunding Emission Payments : Output-Based versus Expenditure-Based Refunding
Hagem, Cathrine - 2020
We analyse two mechanism designs for refunding emission payments to polluting firms: output-based refunding (OBR) and expenditure-based refunding (EBR). In both instruments, emission fees are returned to the polluting industry, typically making the policy more politically acceptable than a...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012830988
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Measuring the Immeasurable : The Evolution of the Size of Informal Economy in the Agricultural Sector in the EU-15 Up to 2019
Schneider, Friedrich; Morkunas, Mangirdas; Quendler, Erika - 2021
This study is the first scientific attempt to calculate the size of the informal economy in agriculture. The Multiple … higher levels of informal economy in agriculture compared to the overall economy. The impact of subsidies and farm … organizations on the development of the informal economy are two important factors for these higher values in agriculture. The …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10013239559
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Measuring the Immeasurable: The Evolution of the Size of Informal Economy in the Agricultural Sector in the EU-15 up to 2019
Schneider, Friedrich; Morkunas, Mangirdas; Quendler, Erika - 2021
This study is the first scientific attempt to calculate the size of the informal economy in agriculture. The Multiple … higher levels of informal economy in agriculture compared to the overall economy. The impact of subsidies and farm … organizations on the development of the informal economy are two important factors for these higher values in agriculture. The …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10012582000