policymakers. When experts face incentives to directionally persuade instead of incentives to accurately inform receivers, they are … 25-29 percentage points more likely to communicate using language rather than numbers. Experts with incentives to … persuade are more likely to slant language messages than numeric messages in the direction of their incentives, and this effect …

examine whether information on the offered incentives improves reports about a known objective prior. We find that transparent … information on incentives gives rise to error rates in excess of 40 percent, and that only 15 percent of participants consistently … report the truth. False reports are conservative and appear to result from a biased perception of the BSR incentives. While …